20th century Art overview

- Definition: This type of painting is characterized by fragmentation of touch, using small strokes of colour to convey the flickering of light, the movement of water, the shadow of light, and life. Represents a break from the spatial concepts of the Renaissance.The artist places his easel outdoors
- Historical milestone: Nadar exhibit (1874): was the pioneers of modern art in the beginning of 20th Century
- Precursors: TURNER, BOUDIN, MANET
- Inventors: MONET, RENOIR, CEZANNE, SISLEY, PISSARO
- Néo-impressionnists or pointillists: only point touches with pure colours:
Main: SEURAT, CROSS, SIGNAC
-Second wave of Impressionnists: DEGAS, LUCE, LOISEAU, CAMOIN, BONNARD, Henri MARTIN

2) Fauvism :

Definition: This current put the emphasis on pure colour and simplification of technique.It used colour to define space without patterns; it was characterized by an absence of shadows and a choice of colours according to emotion rather than nature

- Historic milestone: exhibition Autumn Salon Exhibition in Paris ( l905)
- Principal figures: DERAIN, VLAMINCK, MATISSE, MARQUET
- Second wave: MANGUIN, CAMOIN, VALTAT, DUFY.

3) Cubism :

- Definition: This school of painting distort form by reducing it to its geometric parts.. All sides of the object are used, open from the inside, as if based on a child's view of reality. The focus is on how things are thought, rather than how they are actually viewed.

- Historical milestone: Exhibit at Kahnweiler Gallery Exhibit (l908)
- Inventors: - BRAQUE and PICASSO
- Second wave: GRIS, LEGER, GLEIZES, MARCOUSSIS and his wife HALICKA, METZINGER, BISSIERE, VILLON, VALMIER, LE CORBUSIER, OZENFANT (Purism), TORRES-GARCIA,
- Sculptors: LIPSITCH, LAURENS, GARGALLO, ZADKINE.

4) Expressionnism :

Definition: This movement is characterized by a spiritual outlook favouring psychic powers as opposed to visual form. The artist seeks to express his emotions rather than a visual reality. The movement is strongly rooted in Nordic countries and develops from romanticism. The caricature is one of its most specific and popular forms. The leading forces are largely German.
- Leading artists:
KIRCHNER, PECHSTEIN from Die Brücke Group
Franz MARC, von JAWLENSKY from Der Blaue Reiter Group,
MUNCH, KOKOSHKA, SCHIELE, Otto DIX, WEREFKIN, Emil NOLDE, Ludwig MEIDNER
- in France :
SOUTINE, ROUAULT, PICASSO, Van DONGEN, PASCIN, MATTA, GEN-PAUL , Maurice ROCHER , BONHOMME, the sculptor GIACOMETTI.
-Related Artists: Adolfo WILDT (ital. Sculp), MORANDI (metaphysic painting), Stanley SPENCER ( G.B.)

5) Futurism :

- Definition: It constitutes homage to modern life, technical society, speed. Main figures :
- Historical milestone: Manifesto of the poet Marinetti (Italy, 1910)
- Leaders of the movement : RUSSOLO, BALLA, BOCCIONI, SEVERINI

Compare to Vorticism in UK

6) Dada :

- Definition: This anti-artistic movement is characterized by provocative art and subversive humour. - Historic event: Manifesto of Tristan Tzara (1916)
- Principal figures: ERNST, Marcel DUCHAMP (ready made), MAN RAY, PICABIA, the German G. GROSZ, Raoul HAUSSMANN, the Belgian BROODTHAERS

7) Surrealism :

- Definition: This movement stemmed from Dada who sought to discover new relationships between objects. Rather than on reason, it is based on the irrational, the unconscious, spontaneity and chance.

-Historical milestone: Andre Breton's manifesto on surrealism (l924)

- Main figures : MASSON, TANGUY, ERNST, DALI, MIRO, Marcel DUCHAMP
- Second wave : MAGRITTE , ARP, MATTA, De CHIRICO, BRAUNER, LAM, MICHAUX, BELLMER, LABISSE, Clovis TROUILLE, Georges MALKINE, the sculptor Germaine RICHIER.
- American Surrealists: BAZIOTES, Arshile GORKY, Adolph GOTTLIEB, Dorothea TANNING
- Mystical Surrealists : LESAGE, CREPIN, the Postman CHEVAL (cf Raw Art)

8) Abstraction :

- Definition: This form of art does not contain any evocation of reality, irrespective of whether it reflects or not the artist's point of departure (Michel Seuphor)

- Historical milestone: 1910: first abstract painting
- Inventor : Kandinsky
- First wave : : KUPKA , KLEE, PICABIA, Robert DELAUNAY, HELION, MAGNELLI, Morgan RUSSELL, LARIONOV (Rayonnism), the sculptor BRANCUSI.

DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS IN ABSTRACTION

9) Pioneers :

9a) Neo-plasticism (Nederland) :

- MONDRIAN, Van DOESBOURG

9b) Suprematism (Russia) :

- MALEVITCH, EXTER

9c) Constructivism (East Europ) :

- RODCHENKO,TATLIN, MOHOLY-NAGY, POPOVA

9d) Purism (France) :

point of departure of 1930'style Art Deco in Architecture and decoration:
- LE CORBUSIER, OZENFANT

10) Different Trends :

10a) Geometric abstraction :

It is characterized by precision, using geometric shapes, structured with great rigor
- Main : HERBIN, DEWASME, MAGNELLI, Graham SUTHERLAND
- Op-Art and Cinétism : VASARELY, AGAM, Le PARC, YVARAL, SOTO, DE MARCO, BOTO MACK
- Sculptors: CALDER (mobiles), Pol BURY, Nicolas SCHOFFER
- Related artists: Patrick HUGUES, BOZZOLINI, MILLECAMPS.

10b) Impressionist abstraction :

In this movement, the artist conveys his emotion via series of chromatic touches
- BISSIERE, MANESSIER , GOETZ, SINGIER , CHARCHOUNE
- VIERA DA SILVA , LE MOAL, Elvire JAN, Anita de CARO,
- ESTEVE, LANSKOY, DUMITRESCO

10c) Morphological abstraction :

It links rough forms with a great sense of space
- POLIAKOFF, UBAC, ATLAN, Olivier DEBRE, ZACK
- Sonia DELAUNAY, FREUNDLICH and his wife Jeanne KOSNIK-KLOSS, HELION, FONTANA, DMITRIENKO, Bram and Geer Van VELDE , PREAUX, PICHETTE, Louise BARBU,
- sculptors: CALDER, David SMITH, FERAUD, GILIOLI, PONCET, Pol BURY, Etienne MARTIN, CIRIS-VELL ADAM, SAINT-MAUR
- the engraver SIGNOVERT

10d) Lyrical abstraction :

Here, the artist expresses spontaneously the rythms and impressions which he perceives and transmits, like a possessed person, by gesticulating in front of the canvas ( action painting).
- MATHIEU, BRYEN, WOLS, Martin BARRE
- BAZAINE, MICHAUX, Christine BOUMEESTER
-HARTUNG, SOULAGES, SCHNEIDER, RIOPELLE,
- KIJNO (rumpled papers), MIOTTE, GASTAUD, AMOR

10e) Expressionist abstraction (New-York school) :

Besides action painters, group of gestual abstract artists (real expressionnists) , such as
POLLOCK (dripping), Sam FRANCIS, Mark TOBEY, de KOONING
Others are characterized as colour field painters
ROTHKO , NEWMAN, STILL, REINHARDT, MOTHERWELL, NEWMAN, KLINE

11) At the edge of abstraction :

Some artists who have moved from abstraction toward figurative art, others have done the opposite, yet others have remained on the edge .
- Nicolas de STAEL
- ATLAN.
- MESSAGIER, MARECHAL, LONGOBARDI, PREAUX, YRAZAZABAL
- The British sculptor Henry MOORE
- ARP, Maria PAPA

12) Effects of Matter :

sensory painting assigning importance to the surface of the paste and the signs and vibrations of colours and matter. The artist frequently uses rough, provocative materials such as dust, sand and plastics.
- DUBUFFET
- TAPIES, PIAUBERT, FAUTRIER, PREAUX, COTTAVOZ, RETH, Eugène LEROY, Alberto BURRI, Jason MARTIN, P. MANZONI, Frank AUERBACH,
- Sculptors: SAINT MAUR (innovator in plastic materials), PAVLOS ( paper sculptures), ROUAN ( cane-work)

13) The Paris school :

There are really two "Ecole de Paris":

13a) The first "Ecole de Paris" :

can be found around 1910-1920, formed by a group of young, mostly foreign, boisterous artists , who shared miserable studios, used common models, and met in the cafes of Montparnasse or Montmartre. They were endowed with remarkable creativity, but not forming a real school, their trends being quite different
Main artists : SOUTINE, , MODIGLIANI, CHAGALL, FOUJITA, PICASSO, KISLING, VAN DONGEN and the sculptors LIPCHITZ, GARGALLO, CZAKY, ZADKINE, Chana ORLOFF, and also PASCIN, KREMEGNE and KIKOINE, among all the French Fauvists and Cubists Artists MATISSE, BRAQUE, LEGER, VILLON, DERAIN, VLAMINCK, DUFY, LAURENS and also UTRILLO, Marie LAURENCIN, and so on…

13b) The New "Ecole de Paris" :

was really a School because of its homogeneity. It evolved after the 2nd mondial war:
Characteristics: it included figurative expression with influence of Cubism, Fauvism, sparing the design close to abstraction and assigning great importance to colours and their integration.
Origins: PICASSO, BRAQUE, LEGER, MATISSE
Leader: Robert DELAUNAY
Main Artists: CHASTEL, PIGNON, LAGRANGE, LATAPIE, LHOTE, LURCAT, SURVAGE, FOUJITA, DAYEZ, BERTHOLLE, ALIX, HODE , MOULY, CADIOU, BORES, FIEBIG, GROMAIRE, SOUVERBIE, BURTIN, Henri NOUVEAU, BOLIN, PAILES, Bill PARKER, CLOSON, SEILER, Vera PAGAVA, Georges KOSKAS, VANBER, BIERGE, Agnes LEVY
sculptors : LOBO, CHAVIGNIER, Robert COUTURIER
engraver VIEILLARD

14) Naive Art :

It is interesting for the freshness and the atmosphere which it conveys.
Leaders: Douanier ROUSSEAU, BAUCHANT, VIVIN , Frida KAHLO

15 ) Raw Art :

-Definition: There are works produced out of schools, academies, by no professional people (sometimes in psychiatric institutions),in a completely spontaneous way, without artifices
- Historical point: l948 Manifesto of Raw art (Art Brut) by Dubuffet
- Main artists: CHAISSAC, ALOYSE, GABRITSCHEVSKY, WOLFLI, BOIS-VIVES, Aristide CAILLAUD, SOUTTER
- Mystic Surrealists: Augustin LESAGE, Joseph CREPIN, postman CHEVAL

16 ) COBRA Group:

- Definition: It goes back to primitive arts and expressionism, and is characterized by an aggressive and wild style, full of violent colors. It seeks to innovate via the collective unconsciousness, to promote another culture that should be liberated and authentic.
- Historical milestone: baptised by Dotremont in l948 ,with the 1st letters of Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam.
- Inventors: JORN, PEDERSEN, APPEL, CORNEILLE, CONSTANT, ALECHINSKY, DOUCET
- Related artist: LINDSTROM

17) POP'Art :

- Definition: It consist in a glorification of every day manufactured objects and it takes after advertising images of the era of mass consumption. An object of mass consumption is magnified and diffused through multiple reproductions
- Historical milestone: around 1950, separately in UK and USA, realization of figurative âintings of common reality taking the opposite course to abstraction.
- Origins : : ready-made of Duchamp, Richard Hamilton (GB)
- The inventors : Andy WARHOL, Roy LICHTENSTEIN, Claes OLDENBURG, Tom WESSELMANN, James ROSENQUIST, Jasper JOHNS, Jim DINE, Robert INDIANA
- Close adherents: Many Artists throughout the world: in G.B. after Richard HAMILTON, Peter BLAKE, David HOCKNEY; in Germany, Sigmar POLKE; in France: many artists with social and political concerns far from the American Way of Life: Alain JACQUET (Mec-Art), Jacques MONORY, Bernard RANCILLAC , Martial RAYSSE, J.P. RAYNAUD, Gérard SCHLOSSER

18) The New Realism :

- Definition: Pierre Restany: "A new perceptual approach to realism.. an accumulation of fragments of realism". As in POP ART, there is promotion of the object, but with critic trends highlighting the "waste civilization" - Historical milestone: baptised in l950 by Pierre Restany.
- The inventors : Yves KLEIN , HAINS, de la VILLEGLE, ARMAN, DUFRENE, TINGUELY, Niki de SAINT PHALLE, Martial RAYSSE, SPOERRI, CHRISTO
- Related artists: CESAR, ROTELLA, GILLI
Many of these artists are considered as component of "Ecole de Nice" ( KLEIN, ARMAN, RAYSSE, CESAR and also Louis CANE, BEN, FILLIOU)

19) Narrative Figurative Art :

- Definition: This movement consists of figurative art expressed via writing and composition but without addressing a specific content.
- Historical event: the l964 exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art of Paris
- Main artists: TELEMAQUE, FROMANGER, MONORY, Martial RAYSSE, CUECO, Peter KLASEN, ARROYO, ERRO, GUYOMARD

20) Bad paintings (Free Figurative Art) ( 80's) :

- History: 80’s - Definition: Stems from cartoons, graffiti and bad taste painting, loaded with derision.
- Main: COMBAS, Di ROSA, BOISROND, BLANCHARD, TAILLANDIER

21) Graffiti Street Art:

In USA : BASQUIAT, KEITH HARING,
In France : MESNAGER

22) The New American Abstraction:

- Definition: this movement appeared toward the 60's, in reaction against POP'ART. It involved a return to rigor and
was characterized by colour not being an accessory of the shape, rather, psychological effect is generated by interaction of colours placed side by side. Paintings of huge sizes give an impression of dizziness, the sight diving in an ocean of colour
- Main: Joseph ALBERS, Ellsworth KELLY, Morris LOUIS, Kenneth NOLAND, Franck STELLA

23) The New Figurative Art:

- Definition: by Gerard Gassiot Talabot in 1970: painting which seeks to define a fresh perspective on reality, with influence of expressionism

Several movements are relevant :

23a) Expressionist Figurative Art :

- Definition: "viscerally compulsive art based on a derisive, provocative outlook" Pierre Osenat

- Main artists: ALBEROLA, ATILA, Lydie ARICKX, BAJ, BARCELO, CHRISTOFOROU, (Italie), DMITRIENKO, REBEYROLLE, SAURA, VELICKOVIC , Sigmar POLKE,MauriceROCHER

- Related artists: Antonio SEGUI, Hugh WEISS, BLAIS, GROMAIRE, WEISBUCH, CRITON, HADAD, GUIBAL , BOTERO, MADEC, CEYTAIRE, CHABAUD, Philippe COGNEE, Yann DUGAIN, GUANSE, , COIGNARD, BESCOND
- The German Neo-Expressionists: NOLDE, Max BECKMAN, FEININGER, G. BASELITZ, Jorg IMMENDORFF, A. KIEFER
- The sculptors Charlie SEMSER, Lucile PASSAVANT, Agnès BAILLON, Igor USTINOV, CHADWICK

23b) Fantasmic Dream-like Figurative Art :

- BALTHUS, BACON, HELION, BETTENCOURT, DELVAUX, Arthur DOVE (USA)
DADO, GIAI-MINIET, LANGE, OTTESEN, ZAMORA
We can add to this:

23c) The Turkish School of Paris :

MOUALLA, ABIDINE, KOMET

24) Other Trends in Modern Figurative ArtAutres aspects des Figurations Modernes :

24a) Pessimistic Figurative Art :

- Bernard BUFFET, CARZOU, RUSTIN, Max BECKMANN

24b) Panic Group:

very realistic paintings of nonsense situation or character
Olivier OLIVIER, Roland TOPOR, ARRABAL

24c) Critical Figurative Art :

- The artist takes a prominent part in the society affairs
- Ernest PIGNON-ERNEST, PELAYO, RANCILLAC, ERRO, LINDNER

24d) Trans Avanced Guard :

- Historical milestones: born in the 70's, established at the Biennale in Venezia in 1980
- Definition: this movement brings an upgrading of figurative art, with back return to the values and themes of national culture.
- Main artists: CHIA, de MARIA, CUCCHI, CLEMENTE, PALADINO
- Related artist: FASSIANOS

24e) Cultured Figurative Art :

- Definition: Reinterpretation of major themes from classical art (Bible, Don Quixote, Homere)
- Main: GAROUSTE, ALBEROLA, PALADINO

24f) Poetic Figurative Art:

- Precursors : UTRILLO, CHAGALL, LAPICQUE, MORANDI
- Main: LOUTTRE B. , BRAYER, PRASSINOS, Joan MITCHELL , GRATALOUP, GROBETI, Armando MORALES, CARGALEIRO,
- Sculptors Barry FLANAGAN, C. and F.X. LALANNE

24g) Mocking Art :

- Definition: This movement presents work that are funny, amusing and given to derision, singular, with strong colours
- Main artists: FOLON, DURANEL, GUIBAL, Paella CHIMICOS,
- Sculptors: Raymond MASON, Lisette VERKERK. Ceramist: CAPRON

25)Figurative Art with Theme:

25a) Self Portrait :

always renewed by humour and derision or surprising make up
Examples: Hugh WEISS, SEGUI, VIMARD, J.P. SAINT, TOMMASINI

25b) Feminine Figurative Art :

- In this case, we find women painting other women with tenderness and style with an occasional humorous or alarming element.
- Examples : Marie LAURENCIN, Tamara de LEMPICKA, Léonor FINI, Niki de SAINT-PHALLE, Cecile MUHLSTEIN, the sculptor Lucile PASSAVANT
- Also by men who paid tribute to women: KLIMT, Jean Gabriel DOMERGUE, the sculptor MAILLOL

25c) Sensual figurative Art:

- It is based on erotic fantasies
- Precursors : Dali, Picasso
- Main : Lucien FREUD, Pierre MOLINIER, Cecily BROWN - Sculptors: Louise BOURGEOIS, Jacqueline DEYME

25d) Whith Animal Theme :

- Main artists : POMPON, BUGATTI, SANDOZ, LALANNE

25e) Trees and Plants:

- Some have the vegetation as main theme:
HUNDERTWASSER, GRATALOUP, Abram TOPOR, PRIAULT
- Others work on vegetation material:
Nils UDO, PENONE and other gardener artists

25f) Sculptors on unusual material :

- PAVLOS ( mille feuille paper), UBAC (slate), Yayoï KUSAMA ( peas on inflate structures), Julian SCHNABEL (mosaic with broken china), Nicus LUCA ( drawing with pins), ROUAN (cane work ), MY-ANH (chewed paper)

25g) Letterist Artists:

- Artists using letters or numbers as objects of their work
- Précursors : Braque, Picasso
- Main:: Bernard QUENTIN , Robert INDIANA, OPALKA, LICATA, Alighero BOETI, Daniel RIBERZANI - Related Movement: SCHEMATISM (Main: ESTIVALS)

25h)" Accumulators " :

- Definition: Sculptors accumulating waste ( Arman’s dust bins), things or bodies - Precursors: ARMAN ( New-Realists)
- Examples: Jephan de VILLIERS, Nina CHEVENEMENT, Paul DAY, Charles MATTON (boxes)

26) Various Trends :

26a) The Far Eastern School of Paris :

- There are Chinese or Japanese artists who inject Far Eastern influence into modern western art.
- FOUJITA, ZAO-WOU-KI, CHU-TEH-CHUN

26b) Totalitarian Official Art :

(Nazi Germany and Stalinist USSR).
Although this form of is currently rejected due to its emotionally loaded message, could come back into favour for being kitsh and siflingly heavy.
Example: BREKER

26c) Soviets Dissident Artists:

Rejecting conformism and isolated from Western influences, most of these artists evolved towards an expressionism or surrealism that is largely derived from the art of the icon. The new-found freedom in Russia has reduced the poignancy of these artist's works.
- Main: CHEMIAKINE, TSELKOV, RABINE, ZELENINE, ZVEREV

27) Support-surface :

- Characteristics:This movement seeks to remove all traditional limits from a work of art.
- History: ARC Exhibit in Paris (1970)
- Main : Claude VIALLAT, Daniel DEZEUZE, DEVADE Louis CANE BIOULES
- Near relation: HANTAI , DEGOTTEX, Martin BARRE
- Related artists: BMPT Group: BUREN, MOSSET, PARMENTIER, TORONI

28) Hyper-realism:

- Definition: It involves a depiction of reality that is cold, impersonal and virtually photographic - Origin: Pop Art
- Origin: Pop-Art - Main: Renato GUTTOSO (Italy), Lucien FREUD (G.B.), Peter BLAKE (down-town landscapes) - Richard ESTES ( glass buildings in New York), Ralph GOINGS (scenes of every day life in California, close to Pop Art), Duane HANSON
- Related artists: Peter KLASEN, BECHTLE

29) Contemporary Advanced guard (Neo-Dadaïsm) :

In the manner of Duchamp and his ready made oeuvres, these artists are characterised by their provocative exhibitions, avoiding traditional mediums of art, emphasizing the idea of art rather than an actual depiction, refusing the comparison of their works to consumer goods. Often they realize short life works such as Happenings, Fittings, Performances involving spectators participation in a provocative, eye catching manner.

29a) Minimalist Art :

- Definition: It appeals more to mental dexterity than physical agility. Using minimal colours, basic forms and neutral materials, seeks the greatest impact with the least input. Promotes interaction between the observer and the area around the artwork.
- Historical milestone: 1965 : baptised by Richard Wolheim ; Exhibit in the Jewish Museum in New York
- Main::Donald JUDD, Sol LEWITT, Carl ANDRE, Bruce NAUMAN, Robert MORRIS, Dan FLAVIN
In the extreme case: really minimal works such as loads of old papers ( Rainer RUTHENBACK)

29b) Conceptual Art :

- Milestone: baptised by Henry Flint in l963
- Definition: This type of art movement rejects all formalities, favours the "concept" of the art rather than its realization: “Art is idea” (Kosuth). This art is based on new norms with the goal of making them inaccessible to galleries and to the general public.
- Main: KOSUTH , BARRY, WEIMER, HUEBLER, BEN, SPOERRI, BOLTANSKI, MANZONI, ART and LANGUAGE GROUP, Joël DUCORROY, the sculptor ARMAN

29c) Arte Povera (poor Art) :

- History: 1967 in Italy: Manifesto by the art critic Germano Celant
- Characteristics: These artists rejected the idea of having their works become commercial consumer goods. They worship poverty and raised commonness to the rank of art, using rudimentary materials, "brute" in nature in order to feel primitive (sticks, rocks,rusty metal, grease, neon lights)
- Main artists: Mario MERZ (igloo) , Giuseppe PENONE (plants), Giovanni ANSELMO, KOUNELLIS, PISTOLETTO, (mirrors), PASCALI, CALZOLARI, FABRO, GILARDI, Marsa MERZ , PAOLINI, PASCALI, PRINI and ZORIO
- Related artists: MORELLET (Néons), Nils UDO (plants)

29d) Body-Art :

- Characteristics: It involves exhibitionism, painting one's own body - History: fist exhibition in New York (1967)

- Main: Paul Mac CARTHY, Dennis OPPENHEIM, Bruce NAUMANN, GILBERT and GEORGE
- own body sculpting: ORLAN
- self-mutilation: SCHWARZKOGLER, Gina PANE, Marina ABRAMOVIC, Franko B.

29e) Land Art (USA) (1967):

- Characteristics : These artists focus on action on natural landscapes as conveyed via films and photographs.
- Main artists : Robert SMITHSON , HEIZER, Walter de MARIA, CHRISTO, John DIBBETS, Nils UDO

29f) FLUXUS :

- Definition: whereas Duchamp appropriated an object and raised it at the rank of work of art (ready made), Fluxus appropriate life and consider organized happening themselves as work of art .
- Precursors: Dada, Pop Art, New Realism
- History: BEUYS (1963), Festival Fluxus in 1964 in Aachen
- Main Artists: BEUYS, Tomas SCHMIDT, Wolf VOSTELL , Corean NAM-JUNE-PAIK, French BEN and FILLIOU
- Related artists: Otto MUEHL (actionnism),Matthew BARNEY, Maurizio CATTELAN, Yayoi KUSAMA, Damien HIRST and the YBA (Young British Artists): Sarah LUCAS, Tracy EMIN, Rachel WHITEREAD, J. and D. CHAPMAN, Marc QUINN, Chris OFILI, John LATHAM.

30)Vidéasts and Olographists:

- They develop images that gain in dynamism through videos and movies.
- Main: NAM-JUNE-PAIK, Bill VIOLA, William KENTRIDGE, Gilian WEARING

- - Olographist: Pierrick SORIN

31) Numerical Art :

- Historical note: start around l990.
- Definition : Artists working on computers: and often diffusing their work via internet. Their artworks can be reproduced on paper or projected on a large screen. Interaction with the audience, via both the images as well as musical compositions related to the work.
- Précursors : Fred FOREST, G. ELLEBOUDT, G. de BARDONNECHE, J.L. GARNELL, J.DARMON, J.J. BIRGE, A. PAOURI, T . MERANDON, P. APELOIG, the sculptors Ron ARAD and C. NYEKI

IMPORTANT NOTICE

This overview has been a team project and may, despite all efforts to be accurate, contain errors or omissions. Please bring any oversights to our attention so that we can correct them. We will soon have an open forum that will permit you to pass on comments to us directly. Please let us know if you make copies of this document for redistribution so that we can alert you to any changes that are made.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We want to thank the authors and editors hereafter for the important documentation furnished. We advise you to consult them for more details :
1) BENEZIT : Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs. Grûnd édit.

2) J.P.DELARGE : Dictionnaire des arts Plastiques Modernes et Contemporains Gründ, ed. Paris 2001

3) Jean Louis FERRIER : L'Aventure de l'Art au 20ème siècle. Hachette, édit.1988

4) Lydia HARAMBOURG : Dictionnaire des Peintres de l’Ecole de Paris (1945-1965) ides et Calandes, ed. 1993

5) F. HAZAN :Nouveau Dictionnaire de la Peinture Moderne .Hazan édit.1963

6) Edward LUCIE-SMITH : L'Art d'aujourd'hui. Fernand Nathan édit.1979

7) Le ROBERT : Dictionnaire Universel de la Peinture. Robert édit.

8) G. SCHURR : Guidargus de la Peinture Moderne. Editions de l'Amateur

9) Albert SKIRA :Peinture Moderne. Tendances contemporaines. Skira édit.1960

10) Gérard XURIGUERA : Les Figurations. Editions Mayer